Economists George Akerlof (1970), Eugene Fama (1970), Michael Jensen and William Meckling (1976) have argued that information symmetry is key foundation to fair and efficient market. The modern financial market has adopted this notion of information symmetry.

Rapid financial innovations can be a problem unless the investors are well aware about the financial instruments. When the majority of public are financially illiterate, it can result in the unnecessary speculations prices of assets. This can create the volatile economy.

The effects of climate change can reduce the global economic output by 11 to 14 percent by 2050 according to Swiss Re. To combat climate change, new type of financial instrument has been developed called the green bond.